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Choose the species
One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications2
None established — paradoxical excitement makes it not recommended
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: None established — paradoxical excitement makes it not recommended — —
- Dog · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Sleep aid; veterinary exposure = toxicology calls
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Sleep aid; veterinary exposure = toxicology calls — —
- Other species · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens1
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects1
Paradoxical excitement: vocalization, restlessness, anxiety, dysphoria, RAGE reaction, spasticity, hyperreflexia — The documented canine response
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Monitoring1
N/A (not for clinical use); ingestion cases: monitor CNS signs, consider flumazenil if severe
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Contraindications1
Not recommended for dogs (Papich, explicit)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Precautions4
Avoid with other sedatives/behavior drugs/metabolic inhibitors
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
The pharmacology exam gem: omega-1 selectivity explains "sedation only" in humans — and dogs respond with excitement instead, a textbook species-quirk.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Toxicology angle: owner's Ambien + dog = dysphoria/rage picture; flumazenil is the rescue if severe (zolpidem shares the benzo receptor complex).
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
No veterinary indication — this file exists so the library can answer "what happens if..." rather than "when to use."
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions2
Other sedatives, behavior-modifying drugs — Avoid
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Flumazenil — Antidote (reverses)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics2
Mechanism — Omega-1-selective GABA-A modulator (vs benzos' omega-1+2+3) → sedation without muscle relaxation/anticonvulsant action
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Reversal — Same benzodiazepine receptor complex → flumazenil reverses zolpidem (see flumazenil.md)
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Not established.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 861–862 (no Plumb 7th ed. monograph; mentioned only under flumazenil) — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references16
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Effectiveness and safety profiling of zolpidem and acupressure in CKD associated pruritus: An interventional study.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- A randomized controlled trial for effectiveness of zolpidem versus acupressure on sleep in hemodialysis patients having chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Sleep and Sedative States Induced by Targeting the Histamine and Noradrenergic Systems.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- A suicide involving intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Poisoning of dogs and cats by drugs intended for human use.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.