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Choose the species
One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications3
Known/suspected ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity
DogOn-label (ON_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Known/suspected ethylene glycol (antifreeze) toxicity — Authorized (Antizol-Vet label)
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Ethylene glycol toxicity — high-dose regimen, only if within 3 hours of ingestion
CatExtra-label (EXTRA_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Ethylene glycol toxicity — high-dose regimen, only if within 3 hours of ingestion — Extra-label (high-dose protocol)
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Methanol toxicity (human label; same ADH logic)
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Methanol toxicity (human label; same ADH logic) — —
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens2
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects85
Vein irritation/phlebosclerosis (rapid concentrated IV) — Administration-related
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Anaphylaxis (1 dog in trials) — Rare
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Mild sedation — Feline high-dose
CatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Depression10 reports
- Ataxia7 reports
- Vomiting6 reports
- Convulsion4 reports
- Halitosis4 reports
- Hypersalivation4 reports
- Trembling4 reports
- Anorexia3 reports
- Death3 reports
- Hypotension3 reports
- Hypothermia3 reports
- Lameness3 reports
Cat
- Ataxia4 reports
- Anorexia2 reports
- Cardiac arrest2 reports
- Death2 reports
- Depression2 reports
- Apnoea1 reports
- Central nervous system disorder NOS1 reports
- Sedation1 reports
- Vocalisation1 reports
- Weakness1 reports
Monitoring1
Ethylene glycol blood levels (treat until negative), acid-base (anion gap, bicarbonate), renal values, electrolytes, urinalysis (calcium oxalate crystals)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Precautions5
Not a monotherapy — correct acid-base/electrolytes, fluids ± dialysis; emesis/lavage + charcoal if within 1–2 h; azotemic dogs = poor prognosis (still treat up to 36 h)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
The cat-dog dose asymmetry is the exam gold: dogs 20 mg/kg load, cats 125 mg/kg load (cats need ~6× more) — and cats must be treated within 3 h (4 h = 100% mortality in the Connally study); cats treated late had zero survivors regardless of therapy.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Ethylene glycol itself is only mildly toxic — the METABOLITES kill (metabolic acidosis + oxalate crystal tubular necrosis). Block ADH and the parent compound flows out unchanged in urine.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Fomepizole beats ethanol as antidote: no CNS depression/hypoglycemia, easier monitoring — ethanol (7% solution CRI) remains the fallback when fomepizole is unavailable/too expensive.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Both antidotes can false-positive EG test kits — confirm with blood EG level or osmolar gap when possible.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions1
Ethanol — Mutual metabolic inhibition (ADH substrate vs inhibitor) — don't combine; if both used, ethanol levels mandatory
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics2
Mechanism — Competitive ADH inhibitor → ethylene glycol excreted UNCHANGED in urine
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Elimination — Renal; dose-dependent accumulation → tapering schedule is safe
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Human FDA category C; EG toxicity is lethal — benefit outweighs risk.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 553–554 — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references12
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole for treatment of ethylene glycol intoxication in dogs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Prediction of Human Pharmacokinetics of Fomepizole from Preclinical Species Pharmacokinetics Based on Normalizing Time Course Profiles.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- LC-ESI-MS/MS determination of 4-methylpyrazole in dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in dogs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Treatment with 4-methylpyrazole modulated stellate cells and natural killer cells and ameliorated liver fibrosis in mice.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Place conditioning with ethanol in rats bred for high (UChB) and low (UChA) voluntary alcohol drinking.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.