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One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications2
Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPCR), anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction/anaphylactic bronchospasm
DogCatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)2 source records · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPCR), anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction/anaphylactic bronchospasm — Labeled
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPCR), anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction/anaphylactic bronchospasm — Labeled
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Indications table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens7
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects205
Anxiety, tremor, excitability, vomiting — Common
DogCatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)2 source records · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Hypertension, arrhythmias (overdose) — Dose-related, more likely with organic heart disease
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Hyperuricemia, lactic acidosis (prolonged/overdose use) — Uncommon
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Injection-site necrosis (repeated injections) — Uncommon
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Anaphylaxis137 reports
- Vomiting119 reports
- Death99 reports
- Pale mucous membrane82 reports
- Cardiac arrest63 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')62 reports
- Diarrhoea47 reports
- Bradycardia44 reports
- Hypotension43 reports
- Fever41 reports
- Death by euthanasia36 reports
- Tachycardia36 reports
Cat
- Death48 reports
- Cardiac arrest33 reports
- Anaphylaxis19 reports
- Respiratory arrest18 reports
- Bradycardia17 reports
- Hypothermia16 reports
- Pale mucous membrane16 reports
- Vomiting16 reports
- Cyanosis15 reports
- Death by euthanasia13 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')13 reports
- Other abnormal test result NOS13 reports
Monitoring1
Cardiac rate/rhythm, respiratory rate, blood pressure/blood gases if available during resuscitation or anaphylaxis treatment
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Contraindications1
Narrow-angle glaucoma, shock from non-anaphylactoid causes, concurrent halogenated hydrocarbon anesthesia, cardiac dilatation/coronary insufficiency
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Precautions4
Do not inject with local anesthetics into small appendages (toes, ears) — necrosis/sloughing risk; use extreme caution with prefibrillatory cardiac rhythm; not a substitute for volume replacement in hypovolemia
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Never confuse 1:1,000 (1 mg/mL) with 1:10,000 (0.1 mg/mL) concentrations — this is a well-known, potentially fatal dosing error; the 1:10,000 dilution is generally used IV.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Vasopressin has increasingly supplanted or been used alongside epinephrine in some CPCR protocols — familiarize with current combined protocols rather than epinephrine alone.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pre-loaded syringes can be dispensed to owners of animals with known severe allergies (e.g., insect sting anaphylaxis) for emergency at-home use — discuss proper technique and storage.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions5
Alpha-2 agonists (dexmedetomidine, xylazine) — Do NOT use epinephrine to treat cardiac effects of alpha-2 agonist overdose
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Beta-blockers (propranolol) — Antagonize cardiac/bronchodilating effects, may potentiate hypertension
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics — ↑ arrhythmia risk
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Digoxin — ↑ arrhythmia risk
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
TCAs, certain antihistamines — Potentiate epinephrine effects
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics3
Onset — Immediate (IV); 5–10 min (SC/IM)
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Metabolism — MAO and COMT (liver + tissues) → inactive metabolites
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Elimination — Rapid — short duration of effect
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Human FDA category C. Distribution into milk not established in Plumb's; crosses placenta.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 470–472; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 291–292 — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references14
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Immunomodulatory effect of stress hormones on porcine neutrophil functions during Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Cell-free DNA, cytokine, and catecholamine levels did not differ between sexes under a matched body core temperature increase, despite females exhibiting a more rapid increase in rectal temperature.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine with epinephrine in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): anatomical and clinical evaluation.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Antihypertensive Plants Used by the Anak Dalam Tribe in Jambi, Indonesia: Ethnobotanical Insights and Pharmacological Potential as Alternatives to Conventional Medicine.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Efficacy of Different Local Anesthetics for Pain Management in Surgical Removal of Palatally Placed Impacted Maxillary Canines: A Comparative Study.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.