Favorites and recent references stay on this device. No patient data is stored.
Choose the species
One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications2
CHF (vasodilator, with furosemide/pimobendan), proteinuria/glomerular disease, adjunct hypertension
DogOn-label (ON_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: CHF (vasodilator, with furosemide/pimobendan), proteinuria/glomerular disease, adjunct hypertension — Authorized (dog, Enacard)
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
CHF adjunct (HCM), hypertension (2nd-line — ACE inhibitors alone often inadequate), proteinuric CKD
CatExtra-label (EXTRA_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: CHF adjunct (HCM), hypertension (2nd-line — ACE inhibitors alone often inadequate), proteinuric CKD — Extra-label
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens4
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects204
GI distress (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea) — Most common
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Lethargy, inappetence — Reported
CatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Azotemia, hypotension, hyperkalemia — Possible, especially with concurrent diuretics
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Cough — Common in humans, rare in dogs/cats
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Vomiting241 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')216 reports
- Diarrhoea212 reports
- Death by euthanasia155 reports
- Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)130 reports
- Anorexia127 reports
- Seizure NOS123 reports
- Death108 reports
- Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT)98 reports
- Weight loss89 reports
- Decreased appetite88 reports
- Elevated creatinine87 reports
Cat
- Death by euthanasia19 reports
- Weight loss19 reports
- Vomiting16 reports
- Decreased appetite9 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in Neurological)9 reports
- Anorexia8 reports
- Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)7 reports
- Death6 reports
- Lack of efficacy - NOS6 reports
- Not eating6 reports
- Pleural effusion6 reports
- Anaemia NOS5 reports
Monitoring1
Electrolytes, BUN/creatinine, urine protein:creatinine, blood pressure (3–7 days after starting, then periodically)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Contraindications1
ACE inhibitor hypersensitivity; discontinue in pregnancy
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Precautions4
Renal insufficiency (dose caution — nearly all renally cleared, unlike benazepril's dual clearance), hyponatremia, coronary/cerebrovascular insufficiency
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Unlike benazepril, enalaprilat is cleared almost entirely renally (~95% in dogs) — this matters more in patients with significant renal impairment; benazepril's dual hepatic/renal clearance may be preferable there.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
ACE inhibitors alone are generally inadequate to control hypertension in cats — used as part of a stepped approach, typically after amlodipine.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Do not stop abruptly — taper/transition under veterinary guidance.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions4
Furosemide/other diuretics — ↑ hypotensive risk — some clinicians reduce furosemide dose 25–50% when adding an ACE inhibitor
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone) — ↑ hyperkalemia risk
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
NSAIDs — May reduce antihypertensive/hemodynamic benefit; possible ↑ renal risk
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Potassium supplements — ↑ hyperkalemia risk
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics5
Bioavailability — Enalapril prodrug converted hepatically to active enalaprilat
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Protein binding — Not detailed for veterinary species
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Half-life — Enalapril ~2h, enalaprilat ~11h (human data)
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Metabolism — Hepatic (prodrug activation)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Elimination — ~95% renal (dog)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Crosses placenta; ACE inhibitors linked to abnormal fetal/postnatal kidney development — discontinue in pregnancy. Human FDA category D (2nd/3rd trimester). Excreted in milk — safety not assured.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 459–461; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 281–282 — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references17
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Chlorogenic acid-rich Morus alba leaf alleviated renal fibrosis through the regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and extracellular matrix deposition.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Clinical evaluation of a novel fixed-dose combination tablet (Sentorphil(®) ForteGold) versus compounded powdered medications in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease: a randomized, double-blind study.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Effects of high salt intake on glucose metabolism, liver function, and the microbiome in rats: influence of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Clinical studies in Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease dogs: most prescribed ACEI inhibits ACE2 enzyme activity and ARB increases AngII pool in plasma.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Atypical Cases of Leptospirosis: Insights From Georgia.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.