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One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications2
CHF, hypertension, proteinuric CKD/glomerular disease
DogCatExtra-label (EXTRA_LABEL)2 source records · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: CHF, hypertension, proteinuric CKD/glomerular disease — Authorized (EU/Canada, dog); extra-label (US, both species)
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: CHF, hypertension, proteinuric CKD/glomerular disease — Authorized (EU/Canada, dog); extra-label (US, both species)
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens2
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects205
GI distress — Most likely
DogCatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)2 source records · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Azotemia — Possible, especially with high-dose diuretics
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Hypotension, hyperkalemia — Possible
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
↑ Food consumption/weight (mild overdose study) — Cat, benign finding
CatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Vomiting116 reports
- Diarrhoea75 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')70 reports
- Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)62 reports
- Death by euthanasia52 reports
- Anorexia50 reports
- Decreased appetite50 reports
- Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT)46 reports
- Lack of efficacy - NOS44 reports
- Elevated creatinine43 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in Neurological)41 reports
- Not eating39 reports
Cat
- Anorexia10 reports
- Vomiting10 reports
- Death by euthanasia8 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')8 reports
- Death7 reports
- Weight loss6 reports
- Ataxia5 reports
- Decreased appetite5 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in Neurological)5 reports
- Other abnormal test result NOS5 reports
- Behavioural disorder NOS4 reports
- Drooling4 reports
Monitoring1
Electrolytes, renal function 3–7 days after starting and periodically thereafter; blood pressure
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Contraindications1
ACE inhibitor hypersensitivity; discontinue in pregnancy
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Precautions4
Hyponatremia, coronary/cerebrovascular insufficiency, collagen vascular disease (SLE), preexisting hematologic abnormalities
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dual hepatic/renal elimination makes benazepril a reasonable choice over enalapril in patients with significant renal impairment, since its clearance is preserved even when kidney function declines.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
ACE inhibitor of choice cited by many renal specialists (with enalapril) as first-line adjunct for proteinuric glomerular disease in dogs, even without a clear survival benefit demonstrated.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
No survival benefit demonstrated in cats despite hemodynamic/proteinuria improvements — set expectations accordingly.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions4
Diuretics (furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide) — ↑ hypotensive effect — some reduce furosemide 25–50% when adding
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone) — ↑ hyperkalemia
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Aspirin — May blunt ACE inhibitor's reduction in vascular resistance (though one dog study with tepoxalin showed no effect)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Lithium — ↑ lithium levels
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics5
Bioavailability — Prodrug → active benazeprilat, peak ~75 min (dog)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Protein binding — ~95% (human data)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Half-life — ~3.5h benazeprilat (dog); ACE-inhibition duration 16–24h despite short plasma half-life (high-affinity ACE binding)
CatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Metabolism — Hepatic (prodrug activation)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Elimination — Dual: ~45% renal, ~55% hepatic (dog) — unlike enalapril's ~95% renal clearance
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Crosses placenta; discontinue in pregnant animals — fetal malformation/death risk (class effect). Distributed into milk in small amounts.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 143–145; Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs (Papich), 4th ed., p. 70–71 — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references17
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Targeted proteomic analyses during combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist administration (CARDALIS®) in healthy dogs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Serum peptidomic profiling and peptide mass fingerprinting reveal signatures associated with peroxisomal and mitochondrial pathways in MMVD-associated cardiorenal syndrome in dogs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Comparison of the effects of dual, triple, and quadruple medical therapy on cardiac death in a retrospective cohort of dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease at American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C: is more necessarily better?
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- The effect of Zuogui-Jiangtang-Yishen decoction on the intestinal flora's response to L-α-phosphatidylcholine and L-tyrosine in patients with diabetic kidney disease: an in vitro study.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Dose-exposure-response of CARDALIS® (benazepril/spironolactone) on the classical and alternative arms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in healthy dogs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.
Available products
Products listed in the Health Canada Drug Product Database for this active ingredient. A listing does not establish that a product is authorized for the clinical uses described on this page.