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One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications2
Panic reactions, storm/noise phobia, separation anxiety (adjunct to behavior modification)
DogExtra-label (EXTRA_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Panic reactions, storm/noise phobia, separation anxiety (adjunct to behavior modification) — Extra-label (human drug; C-IV controlled)
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Anxiety disorders
CatExtra-label (EXTRA_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Anxiety disorders — Extra-label
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens6
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects173
Sedation, ataxia — Common
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Paradoxical excitement/aggression — Documented — the benzodiazepine wildcard
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Physical dependence + withdrawal — Chronic dosing — taper
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
May impede learning/training — Behavioral-therapy conflict
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Paradoxic excitement
DogCatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)2 source records · View provenance
- Dog · Table 1 (p.630), row: Alprazolam, Adverse Effects column · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Manual
- Cat · Table 1 (p.630), row: Alprazolam, Adverse Effects column · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Manual
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Vomiting70 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')50 reports
- Emesis44 reports
- Lack of efficacy - NOS42 reports
- Anxiety39 reports
- Diarrhoea33 reports
- Seizure NOS30 reports
- Death by euthanasia27 reports
- Other abnormal test result NOS25 reports
- Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT)23 reports
- Decreased appetite21 reports
- Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP)20 reports
Cat
- Ataxia5 reports
- Anorexia4 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')3 reports
- Skin lesion NOS3 reports
- Skin ulcer3 reports
- Anaemia NOS2 reports
- Application site pruritus2 reports
- Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN)2 reports
- Emesis2 reports
- Itchy skin2 reports
- Skin scab2 reports
- Ulcerative dermatitis2 reports
Monitoring1
Behavioral response diary (owner-tracked: trigger, timing vs dose); sedation; dependence on long courses
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Contraindications3
Aggressive dogs — disinhibition may release aggression (anxiety can be the brake)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Severe liver dysfunction
DogCatNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)2 source records · View provenance
- Dog · Table 1 (p.630), row: Alprazolam, Contraindications column · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Manual
- Cat · Table 1 (p.630), row: Alprazolam, Contraindications column · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Manual
Precautions5
Hepatic/renal disease; glaucoma (class); abrupt withdrawal after chronic use
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Event-medication logic: dose 60 min BEFORE the trigger (storm, car ride, fireworks) — PRN after the panic starts is fighting late.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
The aggressive-patient paradox cuts both ways: benzos relieve anxiety but can disinhibit — most behaviorists avoid them as monotherapy in aggressive dogs.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
C-IV bookkeeping in pharmacy + paradoxical-reaction counseling are the dispensing pair.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Taper chronic users (weeks of therapy) — feline/human withdrawal seizures documented for the class.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions3
Other CNS depressants, antihistamines — Additive sedation
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Erythromycin/CYP3A4 inhibitors — ↑ levels (human)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Flumazenil — Reversal (see flumazenil.md — shorter half-life, re-sedation)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics3
Mechanism — Limbic/thalamic/hypothalamic GABA facilitation; serotonin antagonism
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Motor effects — Less motor impairment than diazepam at low doses — the alprazolam distinction
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Metabolism — Hepatic
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Avoid (class: fetal CNS depression, neonatal withdrawal potential).
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 55–56; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Drug dosage chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629–632 — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references20
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) alkaloids influence on cardiopulmonary measures and high-fat diet-induced weight gain in mice.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Zhi-Zi-chi decoction: A promising remedy for liver inflammation via gut microbiota modulation.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Distribution of Alprazolam Into the Milk of Lactating Mares and Subsequent Absorption by Nursing Foals.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Gabapentin and alprazolam pretreatment enhance sedation and reduce propofol requirements but do not improve intravenous catheter placement in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Use of Gabapentin or Alprazolam in Cats during Postoperative, Short-Term Hospitalization.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Perrin C, Seksel K, Landsberg GM. Appendix: Drug Dosage Chart. Vet Clin Small Anim 2014;44:629-632.; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.