MDose · Veterinary drug reference
TILETAMINE ZOLAZEPAM
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Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
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Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Indications3
Restraint/anesthesia with muscle relaxation (label)
CatOn-label (ON_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Restraint/anesthesia with muscle relaxation (label) — Authorized (Telazol label; C-III)
- Cat · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Restraint + minor procedures ≤30 min needing mild-moderate analgesia (label)
DogOn-label (ON_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Restraint + minor procedures ≤30 min needing mild-moderate analgesia (label) — Authorized
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Indications table · Not applicable · On-label (ON_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Chemical capture (extra-label wide use)
Other speciesExtra-label (EXTRA_LABEL)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Original excerpt: Chemical capture (extra-label wide use) — Extra-label
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Indications table · Not applicable · Extra-label (EXTRA_LABEL) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dose regimens4
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects205
Respiratory depression, transient apnea — Monitor closely
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Tachycardia (dogs), arrhythmias, hypo/hypertension — Cardiovascular profile
DogNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Dog · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Painful IM injection, excessive salivation, emesis on emergence, vocalization, erratic/prolonged recovery — Common set
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Athetoid movements, muscle twitching/hypertonia/rigidity — Neuro-motor
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Hypothermia — Monitor + heat support
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Side Effects / Adverse Effects table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Death226 reports
- Fever149 reports
- INEFFECTIVE, ANESTHESIA146 reports
- Hyperexcitation100 reports
- Recovery prolonged86 reports
- Apnoea83 reports
- Convulsion66 reports
- Vocalisation63 reports
- Vomiting63 reports
- Cardiac arrest53 reports
- Depression39 reports
- Polypnoea39 reports
Cat
- Death428 reports
- Recovery prolonged199 reports
- Ataxia197 reports
- Cardiac arrest157 reports
- Apnoea155 reports
- INEFFECTIVE, ANESTHESIA106 reports
- Lung oedema106 reports
- Dyspnoea102 reports
- Depression94 reports
- Fever91 reports
- Anorexia80 reports
- Hypothermia70 reports
Monitoring1
Clinical: Temperature, respiratory rate/effort + pulse ox, HR/rhythm, eye protection, smooth-recovery watch (quiet dark recovery space)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Monitoring Parameters · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Contraindications1
Pancreatic disease (pancreatitis association), severe cardiac or pulmonary disease, cesarean section, rabbits (renal toxicity), large exotic cats/tigers
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Precautions4
Renal disease (prolonged recovery); geriatric/debilitated dose reduction; protect eyes (corneal exposure — no blink suppression)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Contraindications & Warnings table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
The species-flip pearl: cats wake up tranquil (zolazepam lasts longer); dogs wake up dissociated (tiletamine lasts longer) — hence "cats recover smooth, dogs recover stormy."
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Roughly 3× the duration of ketamine — great for feline spays/onychectomy in one IM shot; dogs get shorter work + 4-hour recovery.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
C-III + reconstitution shelf-life + pancreatitis contraindication + never-rabbits = the dispensing/handling quartet.
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Clinical pearl · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Interactions3
Other CNS depressants/anesthetics — Dose reduction expected
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Thiopental/midazolam — Reduced dose requirements
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Atropine — Deliberate pre-treatment (secretions)
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Drug Interactions table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pharmacokinetics4
Mechanism — Tiletamine = dissociative NMDA (like ketamine) + zolazepam = benzodiazepine — "ketamine/diazepam in one vial"
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Cat timing — IM onset 1–7 min; peak-effect anesthesia ~20–60 min; recovery 1–5.5 h; t½: tiletamine 2.5 h / zolazepam 4.5 h → cats recover tranquilized (zolazepam outlasts)
Other speciesNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Other species · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Dog timing — IM onset ~7.5 min; surgical anesthesia ~27 min; recovery ~4 h; t½: tiletamine 2.5 h / zolazepam 1.5 h → dogs recover anesthetized (tiletamine outlasts) — the species-flipped recovery profile
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Reflexes — Like ketamine: swallow/palpebral/laryngeal reflexes NOT abolished — insufficient alone for those regions
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Pharmacokinetics table · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Pregnancy / lactation considerations1
Contraindicated for cesarean section (label).
Species not recordedNot applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE)1 source record · View provenance
- Species not recorded · Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook, 7th ed., p. 1119–1121 — Pregnancy & Lactation · Not applicable · Not applicable (NOT_APPLICABLE) · Pending clinical review (PROPOSED) · Rule-based
Literature references12
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- Assessing the safety and efficacy of an anaesthetic protocol combining tiletamine, zolazepam and xylazine when used in tigers.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- General anaesthesia in non-human great apes: a scoping review.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Electrocardiographic parameters and heart rate variability in free-ranging Jaguars (Panthera onca) immobilized with tiletamine-zolazepam-dexmedetomidine.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Electrocardiographic parameters and heart rate variability analysis in free-ranging female South American Coatis (Nasua nasua).
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of the Huiyangjiuzhen Acupuncture Technique on Dogs Recovering From Tiletamine-Zolazepam-Dexmedetomidine-Induced Anaesthesia.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Owner information handout
Plain-language medication information to review with the owner. Open the handout to print it or download a PDF.