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Choose the species
One selection filters the source overview, clinical facts, reports and dose calculator. Literature references are not species-filtered.
Choose one species for its overview and dose calculator, or all species to browse the full evidence.
Source overview
Recorded excerpts for one species. Each dose remains a separate source entry; no regimen is selected.
Choose one species to view its source overview. All-species evidence remains available below.
View full clinical evidence and sources ↓Clinical evidence
Pending clinical review (PROPOSED)Rule-based (RULE_BASED)— applies to the facts and dose entries in this species selection; individual source records retain their own status.
Dose regimens1
This calculator performs arithmetic only on the sourced dosing field shown for each result — it does not verify the field's accuracy, does not select which field to use for a patient, and does not replace a veterinarian's order. Not for clinical use. Confirm every result against the primary source before dispensing.
Choose one species above to view its dose calculator.
Adverse effects200
These are counts of spontaneously reported events, not proven adverse effects, causal relationships, or incidence rates.
Bars compare report counts within each species; they do not show incidence.
More reportsFewer reportsDog
- Vomiting65 reports
- Other abnormal test result NOS59 reports
- Death48 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')45 reports
- Death by euthanasia41 reports
- Anorexia38 reports
- Diarrhoea36 reports
- Tachycardia32 reports
- Decreased appetite28 reports
- Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT)27 reports
- Cardiac arrest26 reports
- Pale mucous membrane26 reports
Cat
- Behavioural disorder NOS27 reports
- Death23 reports
- Not eating22 reports
- Hyperthermia17 reports
- Lethargy (see also Central nervous system depression in 'Neurological')17 reports
- Other abnormal test result NOS15 reports
- Dysphoria14 reports
- Anorexia14 reports
- Dilated pupils14 reports
- Agitation13 reports
- Weight loss13 reports
- Death by euthanasia12 reports
Literature references10
References are linked to this drug. Species applicability is not recorded here, so the species filter does not narrow this list. Imported dates do not retain their original precision; confirm dates in the original citation.
- The Effect of Different Extenders and Testicular Anaesthesia During Orchiectomy on Post-Thawed Spermatological Parameters of Stallion Epididymal Spermatozoa.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Single-site ventral distal paravertebral block is an effective method of anesthetizing the bovine paralumbar fossa.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Intramuscular Antibiotics Modify Infectious Outcomes in Contaminated, Ischemic Limbs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Clinical efficacy of intra-articular lidocaine with or without adrenaline during shoulder arthroscopy in dogs.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
- Comparing the effect of photobiostimulation, pressure and topical anesthetic gel on reducing pain during maxillary infiltration injection: a clinical trial study.
Study summary not available in the imported record. Open the original citation to review the study.
Sources: PubMed, National Library of Medicine; openFDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Plumb DC. Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook. 7th ed. PharmaVet Inc; 2011.
Available products
Products listed in the Health Canada Drug Product Database for this active ingredient. A listing does not establish that a product is authorized for the clinical uses described on this page.